by Shivendra Pratap Singh | Jun 17, 2025 | Matrimonial Dispute
क्या भरण-पोषण के मामले में पत्नि की आय प्रदर्शित करना आवश्यक है? यदि पत्नी की कुछ आय हो और वह अपना आय प्रदर्शित नहीं करना चाहती है तो क्या न्यायालय उसे मजबूर कर सकता है कि वह अपना आय का प्रमाण पत्र प्रस्तुत करे? जब मैंने भरण-पोषण के लिए मुकद्दमा किया था उस समय मेरे पास आय का कोइ जरिया नहीं था। लेकिन मुकद्दमें के लंम्बित रहने के दौरान मैंने एक कम्पनी में पार्ट टाईम जाॅब करना शुरु किया। मुझे बारह हजार रुपया महीना मिलता है लेकिन मेरे बैंक अकाउंट में नहीं आता बल्कि मुझे कैश में मिलता है। इसी शर्त पर मैंने वह नौकरी ज्वाइन किया था। मेरे पति के पास कोइ सबूत नहीं है कि मैं नौकरी करती हूँ। लेकिन फिर भी उन्होने माननीय न्यायालय से मांग किया कि मैं अपनी आय का प्रमाण न्यायालय के समक्ष प्रस्तुत करू। क्या इस परिस्थिति में मुझे अपनी आय का प्रमाण पत्र देना होगा?
प्रश्न पूछा गया: बिहार से
यदि आपके पास आय का स्वतंत्र जरिया है तो उसे न्यायालय के समक्ष प्रस्तुत करना चाहिए। सर्वोच्च न्यायालय ने रजनीश बनाम नेहा के वाद में दिशा निर्देश जारी किया है, जिसके अनुसार भरण-पोषण के प्रत्येक वाद में मुकद्दमें के दोनों पक्षकारों को अपनी आय-व्यय, दायित्व, ऋण और चल-अचल सम्पत्ति का पूर्ण विवरण एक शपथ पत्र के द्वारा न्यायालय के समक्ष प्रस्तुत करना अनिवार्य है। उक्त शपथ पत्र में सभी विवरण सत्य होना चाहिए, असत्य विचरण देने पर शपथकर्ता पर भारतीय न्याय संहिता की धारा 215 के तहत शपत पर झूठा कथन करने के अपराध का मुकद्दमा चलाया जा सकेगा।
अतः आपको अपने आय के सम्बंध मे झूठा कथन नहीं करना चाहिए। भले ही अभी आपके पति को आपके आय की कोई जानकारी नहीं है, लेकिन भरण-पोषण के वाद के निर्णीत होने के बाद यदि उन्हे इस तथ्य की जानकारी हो जाती है तो वह आपके विरुद्ध झूठा शपथ पत्र प्रस्तुत करने के संम्बंध में आपके विरुद्ध मुकद्दमा चलाने के लिए माननीय न्यायालय को भारतीय नागरिक सुरक्षा संहिता की धारा 379 के तहत आवेदन प्रस्तुत कर सकते हैं। उस स्थिति में न्यायालय आपके विरुद्ध मुकद्दमा भी चला सकता है और पूर्व में दिये गये भरण-पोषण के आदेश को रद्द भी कर सकता है।
न्यायालय द्वारा भरण-पोषण का निर्धारण पति के आर्थिक स्थिति और उसके सामाजिक प्रास्थिति के आधार पर निश्चित किया जाता है। यदि पत्नी अस्थाई तौर पर कुछ आय कर रही है तो उसके आधार पर न्यायालय भरण-पोषण की राशि कुछ कम कर सकता है लेकिन भरण-पोषण का आदेश देने से इंकार नहीं कर सकता है। अतः आपको अपनी आय छिपाना नहीं चाहिए।
संबंधित: क्या सर्वोच्च न्यायालय में 13 बी सहमति द्वारा विवाह विच्छेद याचिका दायर किया जा सकता है
by Shivendra Pratap Singh | Jun 15, 2025 | Matrimonial Dispute
क्या सर्वोच्च न्यायालय में 13 बी सहमति द्वारा विवाह विच्छेद याचिका दायर किया जा सकता है, जहाँ पहले से पक्षकारों के बीच अंतरण याचिका लंबित है। मैंने सन् 2021 में धारा 13 हिन्दू विवाह अधिनियम के तहत क्रूरता के आधार पर तलाक का वाद दाखिल किया था। जिसके बाद मेरी पत्नी ने उसे अपने जिला न्यायालय में अंतरण कराने के लिए सर्वोच्च न्यायालय में एक अंतरण याचिका दाखिल कर दिया। जिसमें माननीय न्यायालय ने मेरे वाद को स्टे आर्डर द्वारा रोक लगा दिया। तब से दोनों ही मामले लंबित हैं। इसी बीच हम लोगों ने आपसी सहमति से अपना विवाह विच्छेद करने का निश्चय कर लिया। अब समस्या है कि वाद कहाँ दाखिल किया जाए? मैंने अपनी पत्नी को पाँच लाख रूपया भी दे दिया है। अब क्या किया जाए मार्गदर्शन करें।
पूछा गया: हरियाणा से
उपरोक्त परिस्थिति में आपके पास दो विकल्प है। पहला, कि आप पारिवारिक न्यायालय से विवाह विच्छेद का वाद वापस ले और माननीय सर्वोच्च न्यायालय से अंतरण याचिका को भी खारिज करा लेंवे। इसमें संभावना है कि सर्वोच्च न्यायालय द्वारा मामला मीडिएशन के लिए भेज दिया जाये। जहाँ आप धारा 13 बी के तहत विवाह विच्छेद का विकल्प चुन लेवें।
दूसरा विकल्प है कि सर्वोच्च न्यायालय में अगली तारीख पेशी पर आप दोनों पक्षकार मिल कर समुचित प्रारूप में हिंदू विवाह अधिनियम के धारा 13 बी के तहत विवाह विच्छेद का आवेदन कर दें और अंतरण याचिका में अपना अनुरोष संशोधित कर लें।
दोनों ही विकल्पों में आपको माननीय सर्वोच्च न्यायालय से समुचित अनुतोष प्राप्त होगा। न्यायालय विवाह विच्छेद की प्रक्रिया को प्रारंभ कर देगा, यदि माननीय न्यायालय को प्रतीत होता है कि विवाह अंतिम रूप से टूट गया है और पक्षकार का एक साथ रहना संभव नहीं है। अर्थात जब न्यायालय संतुष्ट हो जायेगा कि धारा 13 बी कि सभी शर्तें पूरी होती हैं तो आपका विवाह विच्छेदित कर दिया जायेगा।
संबंधित: पत्नी ने साथ रहने से इंकार कर दिया है लेकिन विवाह विच्छेद भी नहीं करना चाहती
by Shivendra Pratap Singh | Jun 15, 2025 | Matrimonial Dispute
पत्नी ने साथ रहने से इंकार कर दिया है लेकिन विवाह विच्छेद भी नहीं करना चाहती है। मेरे विवाह के लगभग 18 वर्ष हो गये हैं और इन 18 वर्षों में हम लोग कभी भी सुख पूर्वक नहीं रह पाये हैं। मेरी पत्नी बहुत झगड़ालू प्रवृत्ति की है। वह हर समय अपने मायके मे रहना पसंद करती है और अपने मायके वालों का पक्ष लेती रहती है। वह हर समय मुझे नीचा दिखाती है जिसके कारण मुझे बहुत शर्मिंदगी महसूस होती है। मेरे 3 बच्चे हैं लेकिन वे सब अपनी माँ के पक्ष में ही रहते हैं। मैंने बहुत प्रयास किया कि सभी को समझा कर अपने साथ रखे लेकिन वे सभी मुझसे दूर ही रहना चाहते हैं। काफी प्रयासों के बाद भी मेरी पत्नी मेरे साथ नहीं रहना चाहती है। इस परिस्थिति में क्या करना चाहिए? मैं भी अब अलग रहना चाहता हूँ। म्यूच्यूअल डाइवोर्स के बारे में सुझाव दें।
पूछा गया: उत्तर प्रदेश से
आपके विवाह के 18 वर्ष हो गये हैं और आपके वैवाहिक संम्बंध कभी भी मधुर नहीं रहे जिसके कारण विवाह लगभग समाप्त सा हो गया है। आपकी पत्नी ने साथ रहने से इंकार कर दिया है लेकिन विवाह विच्छेद भी नहीं करना चाहती है, तो ऐसी परिस्थिति में आपसी सहमति द्वारा विवाह विच्छेद काफी कठिन प्रतीत हो रहा है। फिर भी आपको अपनी पत्नी से वार्ता करना चाहिए, ताकि आपसी सहमति द्वारा विवाह विच्छेद कर सकें।
सहमति द्वारा विवाह विच्छेद, हिन्दू विवाह अधिनियम 1955 के धारा 13 बी के अन्तर्गत प्रदान किया गया है। इसके अधीन विवाह विच्छेद का वाद दाखिल करने के लिए निम्नलिखित तथ्यों को साबित करना अनिवार्य है:
- विवाह के पक्षकार 1 वर्ष से अधिक समय से पृथक रह रहें हों, और
- उनका एक साथ रहना संभव नहीं है, और
- वे आपस मे सहमत हो गये हैं कि उनका विवाह समाप्त कर दिया जाना चाहिए
उपरोक्त तथ्यों के साबित होने पर न्यायालय द्वारा पक्षकारों का विवाह विच्छेदित कर दिया जायेगा। धारा 13 बी के तहत किसी भी पक्षकार को दोष साबित नहीं करना होता इसलिये विवाह विच्छेद सरल और त्वरित हो जाता है।
आपकी पत्नी बार-बार आपको छोड़कर अपने मायके चली जाती है। यह कृत्य स्वत: साबित करता है कि वह अपने वैवाहिक दायित्वों का पालन नहीं कर रही है। आपकी पत्नी का उक्त कृत्य अभित्यजन और क्रूरता की श्रेणी में आता है। आपकी पत्नी पृथक निवास करना चाहती है लेकिन विवाह समाप्त नहीं करना चाहती, अत: बहुत क्षीण संभावना है कि वह आपसी सहमति से विवाह विच्छेद करने को राजी होगी।
ऐसी परिस्थिति में आप हिन्दू विवाह अधिनियम 1955 के धारा 13 के अंतर्गत अभित्यजन और क्रूरता के आधार पर विवाह विच्छेद का वाद दाखिल कर सकते हैं। आपके मामले में धारा 13 के तहत विवाह विच्छेद हो सकता है। यदि आपके द्वारा पत्नी की क्रूरता या अभित्यजन या दोनों साबित कर दिया जाता है तो विवाह विच्छेद निश्चित है इसमें पत्नी का सहमति मायने नहीं रखता है।
संबंधित: Wife challenged mutual consent divorce decree in domestic violence case
by Shivendra Pratap Singh | May 25, 2025 | Civil Matter
What to do if lessor destroyed the premises let out? If my landlord destroys the premises let out deliberately to remove me from the place, in that situation what would be my legal action? I am very afraid that the lessor will destroy the shops which have let out after building by the lessee. This question is the follow up of my previous question. I am asking this question because there is high probability that the lessor may destroy the shops. His son has made an agreement with a local builder for erecting a shopping complex. Presently the property became worthy after development of some residential apartment in the vicinity. The lessor’s son has a plan to eliminate me from the land and enter into an agreement with builders to avail the maximum profit and regular monthly income. Hence, he is pressurizing me to leave the shop.
Asked from: Bihar
If the premises are destroyed by the act of the lessor, the lessee has the option to declare the lease void and also claim compensation. It is, however, a settled principle of law that both the structure and the land form a composite part of the lease. Therefore, the lessee can retain possession of the land. The destruction of the structure does not automatically render the lease void, nor does it terminate the legal relationship between the lessor and the lessee.
If the premises or structure are destroyed to the extent that they become unfit for the purpose for which they were let out, the lessee is still bound to pay rent. In such circumstances, retaining possession after the destruction of the structure may be detrimental to you, as you would continue to be liable to pay rent to the lessor.
Under Section 108(B)(e) of the Transfer of Property Act, you have the option to declare the lease void. Upon exercising this option, you will no longer be liable to pay rent and will also be entitled to claim compensation.
In accordance with the settled principle of law, after the destruction of the shops, as a lessee, you cannot erect new structures without the written permission of the lessor. If the lessor is responsible for the destruction, it is unlikely that such permission will be granted. Therefore, to avoid rent liability and to recover the loss caused by the lessor’s unlawful act, you may claim compensation and also declare the lease void.
What to do if lessor destroyed the premises let out? In such a situation, you should exercise your right under Section 108(B)(e) of the Transfer of Property Act. The above action would constitute the appropriate legal action by the lessee against the lessor.
Related: Landlord is forcibly vacating premises
by Shivendra Pratap Singh | May 25, 2025 | Civil Matter
Landlord is forcibly vacating premises by creating hurdles in accessing that property. In the year of 2019 the landlord created a lease for next thirty years. I constructed three shops, and rent has been paid to the landlord after deducting eighty percent rent in cost of construction. Total rent for the shops is sixty-five thousand monthly. After three years the son of landlord started problems and mounting pressure to vacate the shops. When I refused to vacate because the lease has been created for thirty years. But he along with some local goons preventing access to the shops and also annoying my customers. Now he is erecting a wall in front of shops to completely deny the access. He is just started the work. I have discussed the issue with the landlord, but he shows helplessness in front of his son.
Asked from: Bihar
There is no dispute that the landlord has let out the land, and the lease is valid until 2039. The lessee has erected three shops on the land and has been paying rent to the landlord after deducting the construction cost. Your legal status as a lessee has never been denied by the landlord. As a lessee, you have certain rights, including the right to enjoy the property until the determination of the lease.
In the present circumstances, you should file a civil suit for an injunction to restrain the landlord from constructing a wall in front of the shops. The landlord cannot take any action that renders the lease unfit for the purpose for which it was granted.
In the said civil suit, you should also file an application for interim relief under Order XXXIX Rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure, seeking an interim injunction. You should request the court to restrain the defendant from constructing a wall in front of the shops.
It is a settled principle of law that when a structure is leased, the land upon which the structure is built is considered an integral part of the lease. Hence, the land on which the shops have been constructed is also a component of the lease. Therefore, you have the right to restrain the defendant, i.e., the lessor, from taking any action that is detrimental to the lease. Landlord is forcibly vacating premises in violation of law.
Related: Father gave property to sons only by oral partition
by Shivendra Pratap Singh | May 23, 2025 | Service Matters
Disciplinary authority is hearing my appeal even after my objection. A departmental enquiry was initiated against me, and the current appellate authority was disciplinary authority in that time. He had appointed an enquiry officer and initiated disciplinary inquiry against me. I have filed my objection to transfer my appeal to another competent authority, but he did not take any decision on my objection. He is adamant to decide the appeal.
Asked from: Uttar Pradesh
It is against the principle of natural justice. No one should be a judge in their own case. This principles ensure fairness and prevent bias in administrative and judicial action. Disciplinary proceeding is a quasi-judicial proceedings. Hence, the authority is bound to follow the principles of natural justice.
When he was disciplinary authority and punished the delinquent. He later on cannot hear appeal of same punishment order in the capacity of appellate authority. You should file a writ petition in the High Court under Article 226 of Constitution of India for change of appellate authority. It is gross violation of law that same person is hearing appeal of his own order.
Move a writ petition, the high court will definitely direct him to transfer the appeal to another competent authority. If the appeal authority passed any order in your case that order will also be illegal and quashed by the high court. Disciplinary authority is hearing appeal in gross violation of law.
Related: Member of DPC favoured a candidate in promotion
by Shivendra Pratap Singh | May 23, 2025 | Civil Matter
Father gave property to sons only by oral partition and later on a testamentary will not executed. That testamentary will is neither registered nor probated by my brothers. My brothers are very influential, and they have forcibly taken possession and ownerships over that land. We two sisters have been excluded from the property whereas we also have right in that property. It was my father’s self-acquired property, and all the legal heirs have equal right and title in that property. There is no witness about the oral distribution of property to my three brothers. They are claiming that in 2008 my father orally divided the property and in 2019 he written a testamentary will. Two witnesses were signed that will. Since that will is forged and fabricated then my brothers never registered that will and also not take probate. We have filed a civil suit for partition of property according to Chirstian law.
Asked from: Maharashtra
The legal fiction of joint family property and joint possession of coparceners is not applicable under Christian law. Therefore, your father had the absolute right to divide the property in his lifetime. If he divided the property among his three sons, even if done orally, that partition is legally valid. You cannot later challenge that partition or division of property solely on the grounds that it was an oral division made by your father.
It is also important to note that your father made a written document in the form of a testamentary will. This document will be admissible as evidence to prove that an oral division was made by the owner, i.e., your father.
Although your father’s testamentary will was not registered, it can still be used as a piece of evidence to demonstrate the intentions or conduct of the deceased author. If, in that document, the author admitted to having divided the property among his sons and excluded his daughter, it shall serve as relevant documentary evidence to prove the division of property by the owner.
Since the property has already been divided by the owner, the court will not interfere. The property cannot be re-divided under the Partition Act. The validity of the will cannot be questioned in a civil suit merely because the document is unregistered. It is relevant as a piece of documentary evidence only, however, no rights have been transferred or affected by that document i.e. unregistered will. Your plea that father gave property to sons only by oral partition seems very weak.
Related: Power of attorney holder has filed appeal against eviction decree
by Shivendra Pratap Singh | May 22, 2025 | Criminal Matter
Victim has the right to oppose bail application of accused. A person has made false document of my land and tried to sell. When I came to know about it then immediately made a complaint to the District Magistrate. The DM referred the matter to the SDM for enquiry. After the enquiry the SDM found that the allegation is true. He submitted the report to the DM. The DM has directed the Tehsildar to lodge first information report against the person who had prepared false documents. That person has been arrested and in jail. When the accused applied for bail, I appeared in the court for opposing the bail application. The court refused to hear me. Court said that the prosecution is already on record and appearing for opposing bail application then you cannot be a party at this stage. I want to be a party and present in the court for contesting the bail of accused.
Asked from: Chhattisgarh
The victim has the right to oppose a bail application, as they are entitled to appear in any proceeding. According to Section 2(wa) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the term “victim” has been defined. As per this definition, the victim’s guardian and legal heir are also included as victims. The court cannot prevent the victim from participating in proceedings from the stage of the First Information Report (FIR) onward.
In this case, although the FIR was lodged by the Tehsildar under the direction of the District Magistrate, you are the actual victim of the offence. The accused attempted to sell your land using forged documents. As the victim, you have the right to appear through your advocate at the stages of both trial and appeal. The Supreme Court, in Jagjeet Singh vs. Ashish Mishra (2022), held that the victim has the right to be heard in a bail application. The court cannot exclude the victim from any stage of the proceeding.
Related: Rape in false promise of marriage during ten years of relationship
by Shivendra Pratap Singh | May 21, 2025 | Civil Matter
Power of attorney holder has filed appeal against eviction decree after ten months. I am owner of a land. That was given as lease to a person. He was doing agriculture works and later on opened a dairy. The lease was for five years. After completion of tenure the lessee did not hand over the transfer of land. Then I filed a civil suit for eviction and compensation. The lessee appeared and contested the suit. But ultimately the court has decreed the suit in my favour. The court finds that the tenure of lease was for only five years.
Lessee did not file appeal against the eviction decree. After ten months his power of attorney holder filed an appeal. That power of attorney was executed after passing of eviction decree. Now the court has admitted the appeal and issued notice to me. They are trying to linger on the transfer of land because they are earning from dairy. I have been suffering from the delayed practice of handing over land. I am unable to enjoy the land and incurring huge legal expense. Thanks in advance.
Asked from: Haryana
This appeal is not maintainable. The power of attorney holder has no right to challenge the decree and lacks locus standi in this case. It is an undisputed fact that the appellant entered the land only after the eviction decree was passed. The judgement debtor (lessee) lost all rights with respect to the suit property after passing of decree/judgement.
Subsequently, the lessee executed a power of attorney and delegated his rights to the appellant. This delegation is illegal per se. Furthermore, the act of allowing another person to enter the property is also unlawful. Under the current circumstances, the appellant is a trespasser and has no legal right to interfere with the said land. Therefore, he has no right to file an appeal against a decree that has already attained finality.
The defendant i.e. lessee did not file an appeal within the prescribed period, and thus the decree has become final. A power of attorney holder, being a stranger to the suit, cannot prefer an appeal. He has no locus standi to do so, and hence, the appeal will stand dismiss at the initial stage.
You should file an objection challenging the appellant’s locus standi in the appeal. The court is likely to dismiss the appeal on the ground that power of attorney holder has no locus to file appeal.
by Shivendra Pratap Singh | May 19, 2025 | Property Dispute Cases
Gift of immoveable property by grandfather according in Mohammedan Law is challenged by the other legal heirs in civil suit. My grandfather gifted a house to me and declared it in 2021. That declaration was made in presence of two tenants and one family friend. They are ready to state in the court that the oral gift was properly made by the owner. My grandfather was absolute owner of that house. He has three legal heirs. But only I lived with him. Others are living abroad. I am a lecturer in government college. My father died in last month and mother is living with me. When my grandfather died one of the legal heirs filed a civil suit and challenged the gift. My name is updated in the record of Nagar Nigam and also, I am paying house tax. The tenants are paying rent in my bank account. This civil suit is false and frivolous.
Asked from: Jharkhand
Based on the facts you’ve presented, it appears your claim regarding the validity of the gift under Mohammadan Law is strong. The law regarding the gift of immovable property in Muslim Law is settled by the Privy Council in Mohd. Abdul Ghani vs Fakhr Jahan Begum AIR 1922 PC 281. The Privy Council has held that there are three legal requirements for a valid gift in Mohammadan law.
- There must be a declaration of gift by the donor.
- That gift must be accepted, either directly or impliedly, by the donee or any other person on his behalf.
- The donor must transfer the possession of that property to the donee. If the donee is living in that gifted property he must take constructive possession of that property.
Written and registered gift deed is not required under the Mohammandan Law. Hence, an oral gift of immovable property is also valid. In your case the donor declared the gift in presence of three witnesses. The donor allowed you to receive rents from tenants and also permitted to substitute his name in assessment record of Nagar Nigam.
Those acts of donor proved that he has transferred constructive possession to the donee i.e. you. Your conduct itself proves that you have accepted that gift. The civil suit will definitely be decreed in your favour. All essential requirements of gift of immoveable property in Mohammedan Law have been complied in your case. Other legal heirs have no right in this house.
Related: Adverse Possession
